Ad Valorem Equivalents of NTMs

March 2026

Quantifying the Trade Impact of SPS and TBTs with Product-level Structural Gravity

Fabio Artuso, Julian L. Clarke, Lionel Fontagné , Mahdi Ghodsi and Gianluca Santoni

This paper (https://wiiw.ac.at/p-7544.html) provides product-level estimates of the ad valorem equivalents (AVEs) of non-tariff measures (NTMs), with a focus on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and technical barriers to trade (TBTs).

Using a structural gravity framework, the dataset reports trade-cost estimates for more than 5,000 HS6 products over the period 1996–2019. The results highlight substantial heterogeneity in the trade effects of regulatory measures across products, particularly for environmentally relevant goods and critical minerals.

The AVE estimates can be used for regulatory impact assessments, trade policy analysis, and the calibration of general-equilibrium trade models.