Growth and the Fragmentation of Production
09 May 2023 3:00 pm CEST
Johannes Boehm, Department of Economics, Sciences Po
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Venue
This is a hybrid event taking place in person (at wiiw, Rahlgasse 3, 1060 Vienna) and via Zoom. Please register using the link below.
Description
This presentation is based on a paper co-authored with Ezra Oberfield.
Abstract:
How much do changes in the fragmentation of production contribute to growth? Using detailed plant-level data on the manufacturing sector in India between 1990 and 2014, we study a version of Smithian growth, the link between greater fragmentation of supply chains and productivity. We propose a measure of a plant's vertical span, which corresponds roughly to the number of stages in a supply chain that the plant performs in-house; when plants have smaller vertical spans, production is more fragmented. We find that fragmentation increases with development in both the cross-section and time series. Further, within locations at a point in time, larger plants tend to have smaller vertical spans, and those that increase sales tend to decrease vertical span. Using changes in demand during the tariff liberalization in the 1990s, we provide evidence that increased demand causes specialization. We find evidence from economies of scale in specialization. We construct a general equilibrium model to rationalize these findings and estimate the sources and magnitude of scale economies. Goods are produced in a succession of steps, each combining labor and a set of intermediate inputs, giving rise to a tree-like structure. Firms exert effort to find suppliers for inputs and choose the set of production stages (and thereby inputs) to produce the output at lowest cost. The structure implies that the returns to searching are more strongly diminishing for inputs that are further upstream. Firms with high productivity draws are therefore more likely to choose to be more vertically specialized.
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Johannes Boehm is Associate Professor at the Department of Economics at Sciences Po. He is also a Research Affiliate of the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), a Research Associate at the Centre for Economic Performance, LSE, and an Affiliate of the CESifo Research Network. Johannes works on topics related to economic growth and international trade. He is particularly interested in the determinants of firm productivity and the role that firms play in the process of economic growth. Johannes has been a Visiting Assistant Professor at Princeton University in 2017/18 and has also taught at INSEAD and LSE. He holds a PhD in Economics from the London School of Economics and a Diploma in Mathematics from Vienna University of Technology.
Related literature:
- Chor, Davin, Kalina Manova, and Zhihong Yu. "Growing like China: Firm performance and global production line position." Journal of International Economics 130 (2021): 103445. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022199621000222
- Boehm, Johannes, and Ezra Oberfield. "Misallocation in the Market for Inputs: Enforcement and the Organization of Production." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 4 (2020): 2007-2058. https://jmboehm.github.io/India_Courts.pdf
Keywords: Growth, Organization, Intermediate Inputs, Productivity, Production Networks, Specialization
JEL classification: JEL: O11, O14, L23, L25